A Fitted Operator Finite Difference Approximation for Singularly Perturbed Volterra–Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations

This paper presents a ε-uniform and reliable numerical scheme to solve second-order singularly perturbed Volterra–Fredholm integro-differential equations. Some properties of the analytical solution are given, finite difference is established on non-uniform mesh by using interpolating quadrature rules linear basis functions. An error analysis successfully carried out Boglaev–Bakhvalov-type mesh. experiments included authenticate theoretical findings. In this regard, main advantage suggested method yield stable results layer-adapted meshes.